When a plant manager faces sub-micron particulate that passes straight through a spray tower or packed bed – metal oxide fume from a furnace, fly ash from a boiler, or cement dust from a kiln – the answer is not more packing surface or a higher L/G ratio. The answer is velocity. A venturi wet scrubber accelerates gas to 30-120 m/s through a constricted throat, shearing scrubbing liquid into droplets 10-50 um in diameter. At those velocities, sub-micron particles cannot dodge the droplets. This guide covers what a venturi wet scrubber is, how the venturi throat creates the highest particle collection efficiency of any wet scrubber type, the design configurations that match different industrial applications, and the energy cost trade-off that comes with that performance.
What Is a Venturi Wet Scrubber?
A venturi wet scrubber is a high-energy wet scrubber that removes particulate matter and soluble gases from industrial exhaust by accelerating the gas stream through a constricted throat section. A wet venturi scrubber uses the venturi effect – converting gas pressure energy into kinetic energy at the throat – to atomize scrubbing liquid into fine droplets. For a complete overview of scrubber technologies, see our spray tower scrubber guide →.
How Venturi Scrubbers Differ from Other Wet Scrubbers
The defining difference between a venturi scrubber and every other wet scrubber type is the use of gas velocity to generate the liquid surface area for mass transfer. A spray tower uses gravity-driven droplets falling at terminal velocity. A packed bed uses stationary media to create wetted surface. A wet venturi scrubber uses the kinetic energy of the gas itself – moving at 60-120 m/s in the throat – to shear the scrubbing liquid into droplets as small as 10-50 um. This is two orders of magnitude smaller than the 500-1,000 um droplets in a standard spray tower.
That droplet size difference explains the performance gap. A 20 um droplet moving at 80 m/s relative to the gas presents orders of magnitude more collection cross-section per unit volume of liquid than a 700 um droplet settling at 1 m/s. Sub-micron particles that follow gas streamlines around large spray tower droplets cannot dodge the fine droplets in a venturi throat.
The Three Sections – Converging, Throat, Diverging
A venturi scrubber consists of three distinct sections in series:
Converging section: The gas enters through a gradually narrowing duct that accelerates the flow from the inlet velocity (typically 10-20 m/s) to the throat velocity (30-120 m/s). The convergence angle is 20-30 degrees. At the end of the convergence, the scrubbing liquid is introduced – either through spray nozzles directed into the gas stream or by allowing liquid to flow down the walls into the throat.
Throat: The constricted section where the gas velocity is at its maximum. The throat is the critical zone: this is where the high-velocity gas shears the liquid into fine droplets and where most particle-droplet collisions occur. Throat length is typically 2-3 times the throat diameter or width. The pressure drop across the entire venturi is proportional to the kinetic energy dissipated at the throat.
Diverging section: After the throat, the duct gradually expands at an angle of 5-7 degrees to decelerate the gas and recover some of the pressure energy. The droplets formed at the throat continue to collect particles in the diverging section, where the reduced gas velocity allows particles to migrate across streamlines and impact droplets.
How Does a Venturi Wet Scrubber Work?
The particle capture mechanism in a venturi scrubber is fundamentally different from the mechanisms at work in low-energy wet scrubbers. Understanding the physics of what happens at the throat explains why venturi scrubbers collect sub-micron particles and why the energy cost is unavoidable.
Gas Acceleration and Droplet Atomization at the Throat
Gas enters the converging section at 10-20 m/s and accelerates to 30-120 m/s at the throat. The pressure energy of the inlet gas converts to kinetic energy according to Bernoulli’s principle: P1 + 1/2 rho v1^2 = P2 + 1/2 rho v2^2. The pressure at the throat drops to 5-25 kPa below the inlet pressure, creating the pressure drop that the fan must overcome.
Scrubbing liquid enters at the throat or just upstream, either from spray nozzles atomizing the liquid into the gas stream or as a liquid film flowing down the converging section walls. When the high-velocity gas strikes the liquid, aerodynamic forces overcome surface tension and shear the liquid into droplets. The resulting droplet size distribution depends on the relative velocity between the gas and liquid: at 60 m/s, droplets in the 50-100 um range are produced; at 100 m/s, droplets below 20 um dominate. The Weber number – the ratio of aerodynamic forces to surface tension forces – is the controlling dimensionless parameter for droplet breakup.
Why 30-120 m/s Throat Velocity Enables Sub-Micron Capture
A droplet moving at 80 m/s relative to the surrounding gas creates a flow field that 0.5 um particles cannot follow. The particle’s inertia carries it across the deflected streamlines into collision with the droplet surface. This is inertial impaction, and its efficiency depends on the Stokes number: St = (particle density x particle diameter^2 x relative velocity) / (9 x gas viscosity x droplet diameter). Higher relative velocity and smaller droplet diameter both increase the Stokes number and therefore the impaction efficiency. The venturi design maximizes both factors simultaneously.
Particle Capture – Inertial Impaction at High Relative Velocity
In the throat, particle-laden gas and fine liquid droplets mix at high relative velocity. A 0.5 um particle traveling at 80 m/s cannot follow the sharp curvature of gas streamlines around a 20 um droplet. It crosses the streamlines, impacts the droplet, and is captured. The droplet – now containing the captured particle – continues through the diverging section.
The collection efficiency for a given particle size follows a characteristic S-shaped curve: low efficiency for particles below the cut size, a steep transition region, and high efficiency for particles above the cut size. The cut size – the particle diameter at which collection efficiency is 50% – depends primarily on pressure drop. A venturi operating at 25 cm WC has a cut size of approximately 1-2 um. Increase the pressure drop to 100 cm WC, and the cut size drops below 0.5 um.
Limited Gas Absorption Capability
Because the gas-liquid contact time in the venturi is very short – on the order of milliseconds in the throat – gas absorption in a venturi is limited. Only gases with notably high solubility (HCl, HF, NH3) or gases that react rapidly with a chemical reagent achieve meaningful removal. SO2 removal in a venturi alone is typically 30-60%, compared to 90%+ in a spray tower with adequate contact time.
Entrainment Separation – Cyclone Demister
After the diverging section, the gas carries droplets containing captured particulate. These droplets must be separated from the gas stream before discharge. The standard demister is a cyclone separator: the gas enters tangentially, the droplets are driven to the wall by centrifugal force, and the cleaned gas exits through a central vortex finder. The cyclone also serves as a secondary collection stage, capturing additional particulate that escaped the venturi section.
Venturi Wet Scrubber Design and Configurations
The venturi wet scrubber design is not a single fixed geometry. A complete venturi wet scrubber system includes the venturi section, a cyclone demister, a recirculation pump, and a liquid handling sump. Four distinct venturi configurations serve different flow ranges, turndown requirements, and gas stream characteristics. Selecting the right one is as important as sizing the throat correctly.
Fixed-Throat vs. Adjustable-Throat Designs
Fixed-throat venturis have a constant throat cross-sectional area. The gas velocity at the throat varies directly with the gas flow rate: as flow decreases, velocity decreases, and particle collection efficiency drops accordingly. A fixed-throat venturi is efficient over a flow range of approximately 70-100% of design. Below 70% of design flow, the reduction in throat velocity causes a measurable drop in fine particle collection. Fixed-throat venturis are appropriate for processes that operate at steady-state with minimal flow variation, such as base-load power plants or continuous chemical processes.
Adjustable-throat venturis use a movable plunger, damper, or adjustable plates that vary the throat opening area to maintain constant velocity as the gas flow changes. As the flow decreases, the throat opening narrows; as flow increases, it widens. The turndown ratio extends to 30-100% of design flow without significant efficiency loss. Adjustable-throat designs add approximately 15-25% to the capital cost but pay for themselves in processes with significant flow variation – batch operations, furnaces with production rate swings, or multi-shift manufacturing.
The throat adjustment mechanism is typically a hydraulic or pneumatic actuator controlled by a differential pressure sensor across the venturi. The controller varies the throat opening to maintain a constant pressure drop setpoint, which directly controls the throat velocity.
Wetted-Throat vs. Non-Wetted vs. Rod Deck
Non-wetted throat: The simplest design. Scrubbing liquid is injected through spray nozzles directly into the gas stream at the throat or converging section. This design minimizes the amount of liquid contacting the throat walls. It is suitable for clean gas streams without abrasive particulate. However, the spray nozzles are prone to plugging when recirculated liquid contains solids, and nozzle maintenance can be high.
Wetted-throat (wet wall): In this design, the scrubbing liquid is introduced upstream of the throat and flows down the walls of the converging section into the throat, forming a continuous liquid film that wets all throat surfaces. The gas shears liquid from this film, atomizing it into droplets. Because there are no spray nozzles in the gas path, this design eliminates nozzle plugging and provides continuous protection of the throat wall from abrasion. Wetted-throat designs are preferred for high-temperature gas streams and for applications with abrasive particulate.
Rod deck: A less common but highly effective design for very high particulate loading. Parallel rows of pipes or rods are placed across the gas path, creating a series of longitudinal venturi openings between adjacent rods. Water is distributed over the rods, and gas passing through the gaps between rods at high velocity atomizes the liquid. The rod deck has an extremely high throat perimeter per unit of flow area, generating a very high density of atomized droplets. This design is used in some steel mill and mining applications where inlet dust loading exceeds 100 g/Nm3.
Ejector Venturi – Self-Inducing
The ejector venturi reverses the energy source: instead of using gas-side energy from a fan, it uses high-pressure liquid sprayed through a nozzle at 100-830 kPa (15-120 psig) to create a vacuum that draws the gas through the system. Because there is no fan, the ejector design is inherently spark-proof and is used for explosive or highly corrosive gas streams. The L/G ratio is very high – 7-13 L/m3 – and removal of highly soluble gases can reach 95%. Ejector venturis are common in the chemical process and food industries for applications where no moving parts can be tolerated in the gas path.
Pressure Drop, Energy Classification, and Fan Sizing
The venturi scrubber’s performance comes at an energy cost. The pressure drop across the device directly determines both the particle collection efficiency and the fan operating cost. Understanding this relationship is essential for designing a system that meets the emission limit without wasting power.
Why Venturi Scrubbers Are Classified as High-Energy
The EPA classifies wet scrubbers into three energy categories based on pressure drop (EPA Wet Scrubber Monitoring). The categories are defined by the fan power required per unit volume of gas treated.
| Energy Class | Pressure Drop | Typical Scrubber Type | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low energy | <12.5 cm WC (<5 in) | Spray tower | Coarse PM >5-10 um |
| Medium energy | 12.5-63 cm WC (5-25 in) | Packed bed, low-end venturi | 1-10 um PM |
| High energy | 63-250+ cm WC (25-100+ in) | Venturi | Sub-micron PM |
A venturi operating at 75 cm WC (30 in) consumes approximately 10-15 times the fan power of a spray tower treating the same gas flow. The energy cost is not a design flaw – it is the price of generating droplets small enough to capture sub-micron particles by inertial impaction.
Pressure Drop Ranges and Their Effect on Efficiency
The relationship between pressure drop and particle collection is well documented: doubling the pressure drop approximately halves the particle cut size. A venturi operating at 25 cm WC achieves 90-95% collection for 2-3 um particles and 50-70% for 0.5 um particles. Increase the pressure drop to 100 cm WC, and the 0.5 um collection efficiency rises to 85-95%.
For a given particle size, the relationship follows the empirical form: collection efficiency = 1 – exp(-k x deltaP^b), where k is a constant depending on the particle properties and b is an exponent typically between 0.5 and 1.0. The pressure drop is engineered by selecting the throat velocity: deltaP is proportional to (throat velocity)^2 for a fixed-throat design.
Fan Power Calculation and Annual Energy Cost
The fan shaft power follows from the pressure drop: P = (Q x deltaP) / eta, where P is shaft power (W), Q is gas flow (m3/s), deltaP is total pressure drop (Pa), and eta is combined fan/motor efficiency (0.65-0.75).
For a 50,000 m3/h (13.9 m3/s) system:
- Venturi at 75 cm WC (7,350 Pa): P = 13.9 x 7,350 / 0.70 = 145,950 W = 146 kW
- Spray tower at 3 cm WC (294 Pa): P = 13.9 x 294 / 0.70 = 5,838 W = 5.8 kW
At $0.12/kWh and 8,000 operating hours per year:
- Venturi annual fan cost: 146 x 8,000 x 0.12 = $140,160/year
- Spray tower annual fan cost: 5.8 x 8,000 x 0.12 = $5,568/year
The venturi fan costs approximately $135,000 more per year. Over the 10-15 year service life of the equipment, the fan energy cost of the venturi alone approaches $1.4-2.1 million compared to $56,000-83,000 for the spray tower. This cost is justified only when sub-micron particulate collection is required and no lower-energy alternative meets the permit.
Particle Collection Efficiency and Size Selection
The venturi scrubber’s reason for being – and its only real justification over lower-cost alternatives – is its ability to collect fine particulate that passes through spray towers, packed beds, and cyclones. Understanding the efficiency-particle size relationship determines whether a venturi is the right choice.
Efficiency by Particle Size – Sub-Micron to Coarse
Venturi scrubber collection efficiency varies sharply with particle size, pressure drop, and the L/G ratio. The following table shows the efficiency ranges for a venturi operating at 50-75 cm WC (20-30 in) pressure drop.
| Particle Size (um) | Collection Efficiency | Collection Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| <0.5 | 50-85% | Inertial impaction (limited) |
| 0.5-1.0 | 80-95% | Inertial impaction |
| 1.0-5.0 | 95-99% | Inertial impaction |
| >5.0 | 99-99.5% | Inertial impaction + interception |
Efficiency for particles below 0.5 um drops off sharply because the particle inertia is too low for effective impaction even at venturi velocities. For these particles, Brownian diffusion becomes the dominant mechanism, but the short residence time in the venturi limits diffusional collection. Wet electrostatic precipitators or fabric filters are the technologies of choice for nanoparticles and sub-0.5 um fume.
L/G Ratio and Its Impact on Collection Efficiency
The liquid-to-gas ratio is the second control variable for particle collection, after pressure drop. The standard L/G for particulate venturi service is 0.4-1.3 L/m3 (3-10 gal/1,000 ft3). Below 0.4 L/m3, there is insufficient liquid to cover the throat cross-section, and some gas passes through without contacting droplets. Above 1.3 L/m3, the advantage of additional liquid diminishes: the throat becomes hydraulically loaded, and additional liquid increases the pressure drop without proportionally improving collection.
The L/G for gas absorption applications is higher – 2.7-5.3 L/m3 (20-40 gal/1,000 ft3) – because more liquid surface area is needed to compensate for the very short gas-liquid contact time.
Combining Venturi with Other Scrubber Types
In many industrial installations, the venturi is paired with another scrubber type to achieve simultaneous fine particulate and acid gas removal. A common arrangement is the venturi followed by a packed bed absorber. The venturi captures the fine particulate and quenches hot gas, and the packed bed absorbs the soluble gases over the longer contact time it can provide. This capitalizes on the venturi’s fine particle capability and the packed bed’s gas absorption capability.
For gas-only applications where no particulate removal is needed, the venturi is almost never the right choice: packed beds, spray towers, and tray towers achieve equal or better gas absorption at a fraction of the fan energy cost.
Industrial Applications
Venturi wet scrubbers are installed where the particulate is fine, the temperature is high, or the dust loading makes baghouses impractical. The common thread across all applications is that the gas stream contains sub-10 um particulate or sticky dust that would blind fabric filters.
Cement Kiln Exhaust – High Temperature, High Dust
Cement kilns produce exhaust gas at 300-400 deg C with dust loading up to 50-100 g/Nm3. The particulate is cement clinker dust – fine, abrasive, and at a temperature that exceeds the maximum operating limits of fabric filters. A venturi scrubber quenches the gas to its saturation temperature in the converging section while capturing the clinker dust. The wetted-throat design is standard because the high dust loading would erode a non-wetted throat in months.
The dust-laden water from the venturi is sent to a thickener where the solids are settled and returned to the kiln feed as recovered raw material. The combined energy recovery (by using the quenched gas for drying) and raw material recovery can partly offset the high fan energy cost.
Steelmaking – Basic Oxygen Furnace Gas Cleaning
Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking produces off-gas at 1,200-1,600 deg C containing iron oxide fume, slag particulate, and carbon monoxide. The gas is partially combusted, cooled in a waste heat boiler, and sent to a venturi scrubber for fine particulate removal before the cleaned gas is used as fuel or flared.
BOF venturi scrubbers operate with pressure drops of 75-150 cm WC to achieve the sub-micron iron oxide fume removal required by air permits. The throat is lined with silicon carbide brick or a replaceable wear plate to withstand the abrasive action of iron oxide particles at sonic velocities. A flooded elbow at the bottom of the venturi separates the heavier dust-laden water from the gas before the cyclone demister removes the remaining fine droplets.
Fly Ash and SO2 from Industrial Boilers
Coal-fired and biomass-fired industrial boilers use venturi scrubbers to remove fly ash and SO2 simultaneously. A typical arrangement has a venturi section followed by a spray tower or tray tower absorber. The venturi captures the fly ash at 95-99% efficiency and quenches the flue gas to saturation. The downstream absorber removes SO2 with limestone or lime slurry.
In some installations, the venturi and absorber are combined in a single vessel – a flooded-disk venturi at the inlet with a spray absorption zone above. The compact footprint saves floor space in retrofit applications.
Pulp and Paper, Chemical, and Food – Ejector Type
Ejector venturi scrubbers are widely used in pulp and paper mills, chemical plants, and food processing facilities where the gas stream is corrosive, explosive, or both. The lack of a fan eliminates a potential ignition source, and the high liquid flow rate provides both scrubbing and quenching in a single stage. Ejector venturis handle gas flows from 500 to 50,000 m3/h.
Venturi vs. Spray Tower vs. Packed Bed – Comparison Table
The venturi scrubber, spray tower, and packed bed are complementary technologies. Choosing between them is a matter of matching the technology’s strength to the pollutant’s characteristics.
Head-to-Head Performance Table
| Parameter | Venturi Wet Scrubber | Spray Tower | Packed Bed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Particle collection (>5 um) | 99%+ | 70-90% | 50-80% |
| Particle collection (1-5 um) | 95-99% | 40-70% | 30-50% |
| Sub-micron (<1 um) | 85-95% | <30% | <20% |
| Gas absorption (soluble) | 30-60% per stage | 85-99% | 96-99% |
| Pressure drop (cm WC) | 50-150+ | 1.3-7.6 | 5-25 |
| Throat/gas velocity (m/s) | 30-120 | 0.3-1.2 | 0.5-2.0 |
| L/G ratio (L/m3) | 0.4-5.3 | 0.07-2.70 | 1-5 |
| Fouling resistance | Good (no packing) | Excellent | Poor (packing traps solids) |
| Temperature limit | >350 degC | 80-180 degC | 80-180 degC |
| Typical annual fan cost* | $140,000 | $5,500 | $15,000-25,000 |
*Based on 50,000 m3/h at rated deltap, $0.12/kWh, 8,000 h/yr
When to Choose Venturi
A venturi is the right choice when the exhaust contains sub-10 um particulate at concentrations that require >95% removal and the particulate is too hot or too sticky for a fabric filter. The cement, steel, and boiler applications described above all meet these criteria. A venturi is also the right pre-cleaner when the downstream packed bed or spray tower absorber would otherwise blind on the inlet particulate load.
When Venturi Is the Wrong Choice
A venturi is not the right choice when the primary pollutant is a gas with moderate or low solubility. The energy cost cannot be justified for applications where a spray tower or packed bed can achieve the target removal. A venturi is not the right choice when the particulate is exclusively above 10 um – a spray tower or cyclone will capture it at a fraction of the operating cost. And a venturi is not the right choice as a stand-alone device for acid gas removal – the efficiency is too low without an absorbing stage downstream.
Selection, Operation, and Maintenance
Specifying a venturi scrubber requires defining the performance target and understanding the maintenance demands that come with high-velocity operation.
Key Selection Questions Before Specifying
What is the particle size distribution? This is the single most important input to venturi specification. If the mass median diameter (d50) is above 5 um, a spray tower may be sufficient. If the d50 is below 2 um, a venturi is likely the only wet scrubbing option. Request particle size analysis from a qualified laboratory – do not assume the distribution from process type alone.
What pressure drop is needed to meet the emission limit? Using the empirical relationship between deltaP and cut size, determine the pressure drop that achieves the required collection efficiency for the target particle size. Size the fan at this pressure drop plus 20% margin for throat wear, liquid loading, and future process changes.
Is flow variation expected? If the gas flow varies by more than 30%, specify an adjustable-throat design. The 15-25% capital cost premium is recovered through consistent compliance across the operating range.
Fixed or adjustable throat? Fixed-throat for steady-state processes (base-load boilers, continuous kilns). Adjustable-throat for batch processes, furnaces with production swings, or any application where maintaining throat velocity at partial load is essential.
Abrasion Management
At 60-120 m/s, particles in the gas stream are abrasive projectiles. The throat section and the diverging section downstream of the throat see the most severe wear.
Replaceable liners in the throat and diverging section are the standard defense. Silicon carbide, alumina ceramic, or tungsten carbide liners can be replaced during scheduled outages without replacing the entire venturi shell.
Flooded elbows at the venturi outlet capture the heavier slurry droplets and direct them away from the shell wall before the gas enters the cyclone demister. This reduces wet-wall abrasion in the diverging section.
Pre-cleaners such as quench sprays or simple cyclones upstream of the venturi remove large particles (>50 um) that cause the most rapid erosion, extending the service life of throat liners.
Nozzle and Throat Inspection Schedule
In non-wetted throat designs, spray nozzles should be inspected every 1-2 months for erosion and plugging. An eroded nozzle orifice increases the droplet size and reduces efficiency. Throat liner thickness should be measured ultrasonically every 6 months and compared to the as-installed baseline. Liners should be replaced when the thickness at any point drops below 50% of the original.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a venturi wet scrubber best at?
A venturi wet scrubber is best at removing fine particulate – specifically particles in the 0.5-10 um range – from high-temperature or high-dust-loading gas streams where fabric filters would be damaged and where low-energy scrubbers cannot achieve the required removal efficiency. It is the highest-efficiency wet scrubber type for sub-micron particulate.
Why is the pressure drop so high?
The high pressure drop is the direct consequence of the high gas velocity needed at the throat. The pressure drop scales with the square of the throat velocity (deltaP proportional to v^2). For a venturi operating at 80 m/s throat velocity, the kinetic energy dissipated in droplet formation and turbulent mixing appears as the pressure loss measured across the device.
Can a venturi scrubber replace a baghouse?
In some applications, yes. For hot, sticky, or hygroscopic dust that would blind fabric filter bags, a venturi scrubber can be more reliable than a baghouse despite the higher energy cost. However, for dry, non-sticky dust above 1 um where baghouses achieve 99.9% efficiency at lower operating cost, the venturi is not the first choice.
What is a venturi gas scrubber for chemical applications?
A venturi gas scrubber for chemical service typically uses an ejector design with high-pressure liquid injection rather than a gas-side fan, making it suitable for corrosive or explosive gas streams. The L/G ratio is 7-13 L/m3. Removal efficiency for highly soluble gases such as HCl can reach 95% when a reactive scrubbing medium such as caustic solution is used.
What are the most common maintenance issues?
Throat abrasion from high-velocity particulate is the number one maintenance issue. Replaceable wear liners in the throat and flooded elbows at the venturi outlet are standard solutions. Spray nozzle plugging in non-wetted throat designs is the second most common issue, addressed with strainers on the recirculation line or by switching to a wetted-throat design.
Key Takeaways
- A venturi wet scrubber is the highest-efficiency wet scrubber for fine particulate, achieving 95-99% collection for particles in the 0.5-10 um range. The venturi throat accelerates gas to 30-120 m/s, shearing scrubbing liquid into droplets 10-50 um in diameter. This small droplet size, combined with the high relative gas-droplet velocity, creates the inertial impaction conditions that capture particles too small for spray towers or packed beds.
- The performance comes at a steep energy price. A venturi operating at 75 cm WC pressure drop consumes approximately 146 kW of fan power for a 50,000 m3/h system – roughly 25 times the fan power of a spray tower treating the same flow. The annual fan energy cost of approximately $140,000 is justified only when sub-micron particulate collection is required and no lower-cost alternative meets the emission limit.
- Four venturi configurations serve different applications. Fixed-throat designs suit steady-state processes. Adjustable-throat designs maintain efficiency across 30-100% flow turndown. Wetted-throat designs eliminate nozzle plugging and protect against abrasion. Ejector venturis use high-pressure liquid instead of a fan, making them suitable for explosive or corrosive gas streams.
- Venturi scrubbers complement rather than compete with other wet scrubber types. The most common arrangement pairs a venturi with a packed bed or spray tower absorber: the venturi captures fine particulate and quenches the gas, and the downstream absorber removes soluble gases with the longer contact time it can provide. A venturi used alone is rarely the right answer for gas-only applications. For custom venturi configurations, see our industrial wet scrubber systems →.
